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Precision diagnostics in children
- Paul Dimitri
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- Journal:
- Cambridge Prisms: Precision Medicine / Volume 1 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 February 2023, e17
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Medical practice is transforming from a reactive to a pro-active and preventive discipline that is underpinned by precision medicine. The advances in technologies in such fields as genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics and artificial intelligence have resulted in a paradigm shift in our understanding of specific diseases in childhood, greatly enhanced by our ability to combine data from changes within cells to the impact of environmental and population changes. Diseases in children have been reclassified as we understand more about their genomic origin and their evolution. Genomic discoveries, additional ‘omics’ data and advances such as optical genome mapping have driven rapid improvements in the precision and speed of diagnoses of diseases in children and are now being incorporated into newborn screening, have improved targeted therapies in childhood and have supported the development of predictive biomarkers to assess therapeutic impact and determine prognosis in congenital and acquired diseases of childhood. New medical device technologies are facilitating data capture at a population level to support higher diagnostic accuracy and tailored therapies in children according to predicted population outcome, and digital ecosystems now tailor therapies and provide support for their specific needs. By capturing biological and environmental data as early as possible in childhood, we can understand factors that predict disease or maintain health and track changes across a more extensive longitudinal path. Data from multiple health and external sources over long-time periods starting from birth or even in the in utero environment will provide further clarity about how to sustain health and prevent or predict disease. In this respect, we will not only use data to diagnose disease, but precision diagnostics will aid the ‘diagnosis of good health’. The principle of ‘start early and change more’ will thus underpin the value of applying a personalised medicine approach early in life.
Amendments to the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation Concerning International Law (2020)
- Paul Kalinichenko, Dimitry Vladimirovich Kochenov
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- Journal:
- International Legal Materials / Volume 60 / Issue 2 / April 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 March 2021, pp. 341-346
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- April 2021
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The Russian Constitution was adopted by a referendum on December 12, 1993. It was inspired by Western constitutional traditions and internationally recognised democratic and human rights values. The Constitution established three core features of the Russian constitutional order, all breaking with the Soviet past:
• The Constitutional provisions on the foundations of the constitutional system, the protection of human rights, and constitutional review are unchangeable and cannot be amended, except via the summoning of a new Constitutional Assembly/national referendum (art. 135).
• The Constitution established a strongly monist approach to international law, integrating it into the Russian legal order and giving priority to duly ratified international treaties and agreements to override conflicting domestic laws (art. 15(4)).
• The Russian Constitutional Court enjoys exclusive competence to interpret the Constitution via binding precedents.
Depression, cognitive, and functional outcomes of Problem Adaptation Therapy (PATH) in older adults with major depression and mild cognitive deficits
- Dora Kanellopoulos, Paul Rosenberg, Lisa D. Ravdin, Dalynah Maldonado, Nimra Jamil, Crystal Quinn, Dimitris N. Kiosses
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- Journal:
- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 32 / Issue 4 / April 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 January 2020, pp. 485-493
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Objectives:
Antidepressants have limited efficacy in older adults with depression and cognitive impairment, and psychosocial interventions for this population have been inadequately investigated. Problem Adaptation Therapy (PATH) is a psychosocial intervention for older adults with major depression, cognitive impairment, and disability.
Design:This study tests the efficacy of PATH versus Supportive Therapy for Cognitively Impaired Older Adults (ST-CI) in reducing depression (Montgamery Asberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS]) and disability (World Health Organization Disability Assessments Schedule-II [WHODAS-II]) and improving cognitive outcomes (Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE]) over 24 weeks (12 weeks of treatment and 12-week post-treatment follow-up).
Setting:Participants were recruited through collaborating community agencies of Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry. Both interventions and all research assessments were conducted at home.
Participants:Thirty-five older adults (age ≥ 65 years) with major depression and cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND).
Interventions:PATH aims to increase emotion regulation by incorporating a problem-solving approach, teaching compensatory strategies, and inviting caregiver participation. Supportive Therapy aims to facilitate the expression of affect, as well as promote empathy.
Measurements:Depression was measured using the MADRS, disability using the WHODAS-II, and cognition using the MMSE.
Results:PATH participants showed significantly greater reduction in MADRS total score (7.04 points at 24 weeks, treatment group by time interaction: F[1,24.4] = 7.61, p = 0.0108), greater improvement in MMSE total score (2.30 points at 24 weeks, treatment group by time interaction: F[1,39.8] = 13.31, p = 0.0008), and greater improvement in WHODAS-II total score (2.95 points at 24 weeks, treatment group by time interaction: F[1,89] = 4.93, p = 0.0290) than ST-CI participants over the 24-week period.
Conclusions:PATH participants had better depression, cognitive, and disability outcomes than ST-CI participants over 6 months. PATH may provide relief to depressed older adults with CIND who currently have limited treatment options.
Improving environmental interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia
- Dimitris N. Kiosses, Paul B. Rosenberg
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- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 31 / Issue 8 / August 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 August 2019, pp. 1077-1080
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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13 - Closing product information loops with product-embedded information devices: RFID technology and applications, models and metrics
- Edited by Stephen B. Miles, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sanjay E. Sarma, John R. Williams
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- RFID Technology and Applications
- Published online:
- 02 November 2009
- Print publication:
- 29 May 2008, pp 169-182
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Summary
As companies seek to control their brands and products across ever-expanding global supply chains, further visibility can be extended beyond the point of sale to the points of use across the product lifecycle. Closed-loop product lifecycle management (closed-loop PLM) focuses on tracking and managing the information of the whole product lifecycle, with possible feedback of information to product lifecycle phases. Implementing the PLM system requires a high level of coordination and integration of the product-embedded information devices (PEIDs) that track the products. To fulfill this need, the concept of closed-loop PLM, its system architecture, modeling framework, and metrics have been addressed.
Introduction: closing the product information loop
From a product lifecycle management perspective, a product's lifecycle can be separated into the following main phases: beginning of life (BOL), including design and production: middle of life (MOL), including use, service, and maintenance: and end of life (EOL), characterized by various scenarios such as reuse of the product with refurbishing, reuse of components with disassembly and refurbishing, material reclamation without disassembly, material reclamation with disassembly, and, finally, disposal with or without incineration.
We may say that between the first two phases, i.e. design and production, the information flow is quite complete and supported by intelligent systems such as CAD/CAM, product data management (PDM), and knowledge management systems that are effectively and efficiently used by the industry. However, the information flow becomes less and less complete from the MOL phase to the final EOL scenario.
From Process Assumptions to Development to Manufacturing
- Theo Standaert, Allen Gabor, Andrew Simon, Anthony Lisi, Carsten Peters, Craig Child, Dimitri Kioussis, Edward Engbrecht, Fen Chen, Frieder Baumann, Gerhard Lembach, Hermann Wendt, Jihong Choi, Joseph Linville, Kaushik Chanda, Kaushik Kumar, Kenneth Davis, Laertis Economikos, Lee Nicholson, Moosung Chae, Naftali Lustig, Oscar Bravo, Paul McLaughlin, Ravi Prakash Srivastava, Ronald Filippi, Sujatha Sankaran, Tibor Bolom, Vinayan Menon, Vincent McGahay, Wai-Kin Li, Wei-Tsu Tseng, William Landers, Youngjin Choi, Glenn Biery, Thom Gow
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1079 / 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2011, 1079-N02-01
- Print publication:
- 2008
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A tool has been developed that can be used to characterize or validate a BEOL interconnect technology. It connects various process assumptions directly to electrical parameters including resistance. The resistance of narrow copper lines is becoming a challenging parameter, not only in terms of controlling its value but also understanding the underlying mechanisms. The resistance was measured for 45nm-node interconnects and compared to the theory of electron scattering. This work will demonstrate how valuable it is to directly link the electrical models to the physical on-wafer dimensions and in turn to the process assumptions. For example, one can generate a tolerance pareto for physical and or electrical parameters that immediately identifies those process sectors that have the largest contribution to the overall tolerance. It also can be used to easily generate resistance versus capacitance plots which provide a good BEOL performance gauge. Several examples for 45nm BEOL will be given to demonstrate the value of these tools.
Patterned growth of organic small-molecule layers
- Soeren Steudel, Dimitri Janssen, Stijn Verlaak, Paul Heremans
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 814 / 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 March 2011, I12.6
- Print publication:
- 2004
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We will demonstrate a novel approach to the problem of patterning organic small molecule layers, which is compatible with printing techniques. By locally changing the chemistry of the dielectric surface by means of Self-Assembly Monolayers (SAM), we predefine active and passive areas of the circuit. The subsequent growth of the organic film by sublimation takes place under growth conditions which cause the formation of a high-mobility, well- connected two-dimensional (2D) grains in the predefined active area contrasting with ill- connected, low-mobility 3D-grains in the passive area. We will explain this patterned growth in terms of a microscopic theory of nucleation of organic semiconductor on inert substrates and present experimental results.
Intra-Grain and Oligo-Grain Top-Contact Organic Thin film Transistors
- Stijn Verlaak, Stijn De Jonge, Stijn Noppe, Dimitri Janssen, Soeren Steudel, Stijn De Vusser, Paul Heremans
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 771 / 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 February 2011, L6.9
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- 2003
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We describe and demonstrate a micromachined shadowmask that allows the realization of intra-grain and oligo-grain top-contact organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). First experimental results of OTFT's show that for small channel lengths, grain boundary barriers indeed appear to dominate the output characteristics of OTFTs.
In vivo occupancy of striatal and temporal cortical D2/D3 dopamine receptors by typical antipsychotic drugs: [123I]-epidepride single photon emission tomography (SPET) study
- Valeria Bigliani, Rachel S. Mulligan, Paul D. Acton, Dimitris Visvikis, Peter J. Ell, Caroline Stephenson, Robert W. Kerwin, Lyn S. Pilowsky
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 175 / Issue 3 / September 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 January 2018, pp. 231-238
- Print publication:
- September 1999
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Background
The dopamine hypothesis proposes that antipsychotic drugs act primarily through limbic cortical D2/D2-like dopamine receptor blockade.
AimTo evaluate this hypothesis with the D2/D3-selective SPET probe [123I]-epidepride.
Method[123I]-epidepride SPETscans were performed on 12 patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics and 11 age-matched healthy controls. [123I]-epidepride specific binding to D2/D3 dopamine receptors was estimated, and relative percentage D2/D3 receptor occupancy by typical antipsychotic drugs determined.
ResultsMean (s.d.) daily dose was 669.12 (516.8) mg chlorpromazine equivalents. Mean percentage D2/D3 receptor occupancy was 81.6 (8.1) and 73.2 (13.9) in the temporal cortex and striatum respectively.
ConclusionsTypical antipsychotic drug treatment is associated with substantial temporal cortical D2/D3 receptor occupancy. The relationship between this and efficacy is poor in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia.